HIGH PASS FILTERS DESIGN

Introduction to high pass filters

Assuming you have mastered the design of low pass LC filters we will now proceed to the design of a high pass filters. A high pass filter is simply the transformation of a low pass filter. For our purposes we will say we need a five pole butterworth filter with a cut off frequency Fc at 2000 Khz. That is we want to pass all frequencies above 2000 Khz but attenuate those below 2000 Khz.

Perhaps this might be required for the antenna input to a receiver where AM Radio interference is proving troublesome.

Design Procedure

Let us first review the design procedure for a similar five pole filter but as a low pass filter. From our design tables we know that for equal source and loads:

BUTTERWORTH - equal termination filters

n stages	C1	L2	C3	L4	C5	L6	C7
2	1.414	1.414
3	1.000	2.000	1.000
4	0.765	1.848	1.848	0.765
5	0.618	1.618	2.000	1.618	0.618
6	0.518	1.414	1.932	1.932	1.414	0.518
7	0.445	1.247	1.802	2.000	1.802	1.247	0.518
n stages	L1	C2	L3	C4	L5	C6	L7

The table above applies to the two low pass filters shown below in fig 1. Note the subtle differences.

Fig 1 - low pass filters - equal teminations".

Which type you choose is a matter of choice which may well be influenced by your needs in some applications to have a DC blocking capacitor in the input or output of the final finished high pass LC filter. In this case use schematic 2.

In the two schematics shown in figure 1 the principal difference is the placement of the first capacitor, denoted either C1 or C2. Depending on the circuit configuration chosen, you read the values from the top of the table or the bottom of the table. Is that clear? Also I have only presented one table, there are hundreds of tables and filter types with varying responses but Butterworth is fairly easy to compute. We said earlier we would use a five pole filter and we will opt for the top type of filter so we should have these values.

Fig 2 - low pass filters - equal teminations - normalised to 1 Hz.

Notice that this low pass filter is normalized to 1 ohm impedance both in and out, a frequency of 1 Hz and capacitor values are expressed in Farads while Inductor values are in Henries.

Transformation to High Pass Filter Prototype

All right we have a low pass filter prototype, what now? We simply want to do the opposite to a low pass with our high pass filter, so we do the opposite and invert everything. Replace each component with it's opposite.

A capacitor becomes an inductor and, an inductor becomes a capacitor and, at the same time the values are also inverted e.g. the first capacitor of 0.618F becomes an inductor of 1 / 0.618H. Cool?

Fig 3 - transform low pass filter to high pass filter.

Notice that in the schematic I have already done the reciprocal or the inversion. The first capacitor was 0.618F, converting to an inductor of 1 / 0.618 becomes 1.618H (check it out on the calculator for ALL the components). Now all we have to do is get back to a standard impedance, we'll use 50 ohms but it could be any value which is suitable to our requirements. Also we need to get back to our cut off frequency of 2000 Khz.

Component calculations at Fc and at Zo - Frequency and Impedance scaling

This is the truly simple part if you like doing basic sums on the calculator. If not, then you're in for some bother.

The transformation is effected using the following basic, yet simple formulas:

Fig 4 - transformation LC formulas.

Here C is the final capacitor value, L is the final inductor value, Cn and Ln are the prototype element values in Fig 3, R is your final impedance value and fc is the final cut off frequency. It's as simple as that!

So for a cut off of 2000 kHz and a 50 ohms impedance the calculations for the first capacitor and inductor we encounter become, as a worked example for you.

Fig 5 - final component calculations - high pass RF filter.

Note that the original prototype is always expressed in terms of 1 ohm, 1 hertz (Hz), Farads and Henries.

When you do your sums you get back to numbers with negative exponents, they are the -10 and the -6 respectively. To bring capacitance to pF we multiply by exponent 12 (that's number 1 followed by 12 zeroes as in 1,000,000,000,000). Why? because 1 Pf is one 1,000,000,000,000th of a Farad.

To bring inductance to uH we multiply by exponent 6 (that's number 1 followed by 6 zeroes as in 1,000,000). Why? because 1 uH is one 1,000,000th of a Henry.

Your final filter comes out as follows:

Fig 6 - final calculated high pass filter fc @ 2000 Khz.

Paranoia to avoid with filter values

Firstly don't use an unnecessary precision with your values. A capacitance calculated as 983.5752483 pF is totally irrelevant. In the "real world we would use a standard 1000 pF capacitor, remembering it's tolerance is going to be +/- 5% anyway. Consider also, it is doubtful any impedance will be precisely 50 ohms. Finally, for this type of filter toroids are ideal to use as inductors.

If their is sufficient interest I'll cover designing for unequal impedance terminations.